1205.4594 (Paul H. Frampton)
Paul H. Frampton
Assuming only Einstein's general theory of relativity, it is shown that the present observational data, even omitting the evidence of accelerated expansion or dark energy, make it inevitable that (i) the cosmological constant Lambda must be non-zero and (ii) must be positive and less or of order $10^{-124}$ in Planck units. The co-moving radius R(t_0) of the spherical visible universe which is bounded by the surface of the last scatter, and the mass-energy M(t_0) contained therein lead to an outwardly accelerating cosmological expansion corresponding to that observed. The dark energy does not require a modification of general relativity but follows from it.
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http://arxiv.org/abs/1205.4594
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